http-server/hyper-build/projects/forte.html
2024-04-28 19:49:30 -05:00

417 lines
30 KiB
HTML

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title> &#60loganGatlin/&#62 </title><link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="resources/favicon.svg"/><style>
/*!
Pure v3.0.0
Copyright 2013 Yahoo!
Licensed under the BSD License.
https://github.com/pure-css/pure/blob/master/LICENSE
*/
/*!
normalize.css v | MIT License | https://necolas.github.io/normalize.css/
Copyright (c) Nicolas Gallagher and Jonathan Neal
*/
/*! normalize.css v8.0.1 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}a{background-color:transparent}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}img{border-style:none}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{padding:.35em .75em .625em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}details{display:block}summary{display:list-item}template{display:none}[hidden]{display:none}html{font-family:sans-serif}.hidden,[hidden]{display:none!important}.pure-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.pure-g{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-content:flex-start}.pure-u{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.pure-u-1,.pure-u-1-1,.pure-u-1-12,.pure-u-1-2,.pure-u-1-24,.pure-u-1-3,.pure-u-1-4,.pure-u-1-5,.pure-u-1-6,.pure-u-1-8,.pure-u-10-24,.pure-u-11-12,.pure-u-11-24,.pure-u-12-24,.pure-u-13-24,.pure-u-14-24,.pure-u-15-24,.pure-u-16-24,.pure-u-17-24,.pure-u-18-24,.pure-u-19-24,.pure-u-2-24,.pure-u-2-3,.pure-u-2-5,.pure-u-20-24,.pure-u-21-24,.pure-u-22-24,.pure-u-23-24,.pure-u-24-24,.pure-u-3-24,.pure-u-3-4,.pure-u-3-5,.pure-u-3-8,.pure-u-4-24,.pure-u-4-5,.pure-u-5-12,.pure-u-5-24,.pure-u-5-5,.pure-u-5-6,.pure-u-5-8,.pure-u-6-24,.pure-u-7-12,.pure-u-7-24,.pure-u-7-8,.pure-u-8-24,.pure-u-9-24{display:inline-block;letter-spacing:normal;word-spacing:normal;vertical-align:top;text-rendering:auto}.pure-u-1-24{width:4.1667%}.pure-u-1-12,.pure-u-2-24{width:8.3333%}.pure-u-1-8,.pure-u-3-24{width:12.5%}.pure-u-1-6,.pure-u-4-24{width:16.6667%}.pure-u-1-5{width:20%}.pure-u-5-24{width:20.8333%}.pure-u-1-4,.pure-u-6-24{width:25%}.pure-u-7-24{width:29.1667%}.pure-u-1-3,.pure-u-8-24{width:33.3333%}.pure-u-3-8,.pure-u-9-24{width:37.5%}.pure-u-2-5{width:40%}.pure-u-10-24,.pure-u-5-12{width:41.6667%}.pure-u-11-24{width:45.8333%}.pure-u-1-2,.pure-u-12-24{width:50%}.pure-u-13-24{width:54.1667%}.pure-u-14-24,.pure-u-7-12{width:58.3333%}.pure-u-3-5{width:60%}.pure-u-15-24,.pure-u-5-8{width:62.5%}.pure-u-16-24,.pure-u-2-3{width:66.6667%}.pure-u-17-24{width:70.8333%}.pure-u-18-24,.pure-u-3-4{width:75%}.pure-u-19-24{width:79.1667%}.pure-u-4-5{width:80%}.pure-u-20-24,.pure-u-5-6{width:83.3333%}.pure-u-21-24,.pure-u-7-8{width:87.5%}.pure-u-11-12,.pure-u-22-24{width:91.6667%}.pure-u-23-24{width:95.8333%}.pure-u-1,.pure-u-1-1,.pure-u-24-24,.pure-u-5-5{width:100%}.pure-button{display:inline-block;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-drag:none;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;box-sizing:border-box}.pure-button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.pure-button-group{letter-spacing:-.31em;text-rendering:optimizespeed}.opera-only :-o-prefocus,.pure-button-group{word-spacing:-0.43em}.pure-button-group .pure-button{letter-spacing:normal;word-spacing:normal;vertical-align:top;text-rendering:auto}.pure-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;padding:.5em 1em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border:none transparent;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-decoration:none;border-radius:2px}.pure-button-hover,.pure-button:focus,.pure-button:hover{background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,rgba(0,0,0,.05) 40%,rgba(0,0,0,.1))}.pure-button:focus{outline:0}.pure-button-active,.pure-button:active{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.15) inset,0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,.2) inset;border-color:#000}.pure-button-disabled,.pure-button-disabled:active,.pure-button-disabled:focus,.pure-button-disabled:hover,.pure-button[disabled]{border:none;background-image:none;opacity:.4;cursor:not-allowed;box-shadow:none;pointer-events:none}.pure-button-hidden{display:none}.pure-button-primary,.pure-button-selected,a.pure-button-primary,a.pure-button-selected{background-color:#0078e7;color:#fff}.pure-button-group .pure-button{margin:0;border-radius:0;border-right:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.pure-button-group .pure-button:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.pure-button-group .pure-button:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-right:none}.pure-form input[type=color],.pure-form input[type=date],.pure-form input[type=datetime-local],.pure-form input[type=datetime],.pure-form input[type=email],.pure-form input[type=month],.pure-form input[type=number],.pure-form input[type=password],.pure-form input[type=search],.pure-form input[type=tel],.pure-form input[type=text],.pure-form input[type=time],.pure-form input[type=url],.pure-form input[type=week],.pure-form select,.pure-form textarea{padding:.5em .6em;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #ccc;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #ddd;border-radius:4px;vertical-align:middle;box-sizing:border-box}.pure-form input:not([type]){padding:.5em .6em;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #ccc;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #ddd;border-radius:4px;box-sizing:border-box}.pure-form input[type=color]{padding:.2em .5em}.pure-form input[type=color]:focus,.pure-form input[type=date]:focus,.pure-form input[type=datetime-local]:focus,.pure-form input[type=datetime]:focus,.pure-form input[type=email]:focus,.pure-form input[type=month]:focus,.pure-form input[type=number]:focus,.pure-form input[type=password]:focus,.pure-form input[type=search]:focus,.pure-form input[type=tel]:focus,.pure-form input[type=text]:focus,.pure-form input[type=time]:focus,.pure-form input[type=url]:focus,.pure-form input[type=week]:focus,.pure-form select:focus,.pure-form textarea:focus{outline:0;border-color:#129fea}.pure-form input:not([type]):focus{outline:0;border-color:#129fea}.pure-form input[type=checkbox]:focus,.pure-form input[type=file]:focus,.pure-form input[type=radio]:focus{outline:thin solid #129FEA;outline:1px auto #129FEA}.pure-form .pure-checkbox,.pure-form .pure-radio{margin:.5em 0;display:block}.pure-form input[type=color][disabled],.pure-form input[type=date][disabled],.pure-form input[type=datetime-local][disabled],.pure-form input[type=datetime][disabled],.pure-form input[type=email][disabled],.pure-form input[type=month][disabled],.pure-form input[type=number][disabled],.pure-form input[type=password][disabled],.pure-form input[type=search][disabled],.pure-form input[type=tel][disabled],.pure-form input[type=text][disabled],.pure-form input[type=time][disabled],.pure-form input[type=url][disabled],.pure-form input[type=week][disabled],.pure-form select[disabled],.pure-form textarea[disabled]{cursor:not-allowed;background-color:#eaeded;color:#cad2d3}.pure-form input:not([type])[disabled]{cursor:not-allowed;background-color:#eaeded;color:#cad2d3}.pure-form input[readonly],.pure-form select[readonly],.pure-form textarea[readonly]{background-color:#eee;color:#777;border-color:#ccc}.pure-form input:focus:invalid,.pure-form select:focus:invalid,.pure-form textarea:focus:invalid{color:#b94a48;border-color:#e9322d}.pure-form input[type=checkbox]:focus:invalid:focus,.pure-form input[type=file]:focus:invalid:focus,.pure-form input[type=radio]:focus:invalid:focus{outline-color:#e9322d}.pure-form select{height:2.25em;border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#fff}.pure-form select[multiple]{height:auto}.pure-form label{margin:.5em 0 .2em}.pure-form fieldset{margin:0;padding:.35em 0 .75em;border:0}.pure-form legend{display:block;width:100%;padding:.3em 0;margin-bottom:.3em;color:#333;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}.pure-form-stacked input[type=color],.pure-form-stacked input[type=date],.pure-form-stacked input[type=datetime-local],.pure-form-stacked input[type=datetime],.pure-form-stacked input[type=email],.pure-form-stacked input[type=file],.pure-form-stacked input[type=month],.pure-form-stacked input[type=number],.pure-form-stacked input[type=password],.pure-form-stacked input[type=search],.pure-form-stacked input[type=tel],.pure-form-stacked input[type=text],.pure-form-stacked input[type=time],.pure-form-stacked input[type=url],.pure-form-stacked input[type=week],.pure-form-stacked label,.pure-form-stacked select,.pure-form-stacked textarea{display:block;margin:.25em 0}.pure-form-stacked input:not([type]){display:block;margin:.25em 0}.pure-form-aligned input,.pure-form-aligned select,.pure-form-aligned textarea,.pure-form-message-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.pure-form-aligned textarea{vertical-align:top}.pure-form-aligned .pure-control-group{margin-bottom:.5em}.pure-form-aligned .pure-control-group label{text-align:right;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:10em;margin:0 1em 0 0}.pure-form-aligned .pure-controls{margin:1.5em 0 0 11em}.pure-form .pure-input-rounded,.pure-form input.pure-input-rounded{border-radius:2em;padding:.5em 1em}.pure-form .pure-group fieldset{margin-bottom:10px}.pure-form .pure-group input,.pure-form .pure-group textarea{display:block;padding:10px;margin:0 0 -1px;border-radius:0;position:relative;top:-1px}.pure-form .pure-group input:focus,.pure-form .pure-group textarea:focus{z-index:3}.pure-form .pure-group input:first-child,.pure-form .pure-group textarea:first-child{top:1px;border-radius:4px 4px 0 0;margin:0}.pure-form .pure-group input:first-child:last-child,.pure-form .pure-group textarea:first-child:last-child{top:1px;border-radius:4px;margin:0}.pure-form .pure-group input:last-child,.pure-form .pure-group textarea:last-child{top:-2px;border-radius:0 0 4px 4px;margin:0}.pure-form .pure-group button{margin:.35em 0}.pure-form .pure-input-1{width:100%}.pure-form .pure-input-3-4{width:75%}.pure-form .pure-input-2-3{width:66%}.pure-form .pure-input-1-2{width:50%}.pure-form .pure-input-1-3{width:33%}.pure-form .pure-input-1-4{width:25%}.pure-form-message-inline{display:inline-block;padding-left:.3em;color:#666;vertical-align:middle;font-size:.875em}.pure-form-message{display:block;color:#666;font-size:.875em}@media only screen and (max-width :480px){.pure-form button[type=submit]{margin:.7em 0 0}.pure-form input:not([type]),.pure-form input[type=color],.pure-form input[type=date],.pure-form input[type=datetime-local],.pure-form input[type=datetime],.pure-form input[type=email],.pure-form input[type=month],.pure-form input[type=number],.pure-form input[type=password],.pure-form input[type=search],.pure-form input[type=tel],.pure-form input[type=text],.pure-form input[type=time],.pure-form input[type=url],.pure-form input[type=week],.pure-form label{margin-bottom:.3em;display:block}.pure-group input:not([type]),.pure-group input[type=color],.pure-group input[type=date],.pure-group input[type=datetime-local],.pure-group input[type=datetime],.pure-group input[type=email],.pure-group input[type=month],.pure-group input[type=number],.pure-group input[type=password],.pure-group input[type=search],.pure-group input[type=tel],.pure-group input[type=text],.pure-group input[type=time],.pure-group input[type=url],.pure-group input[type=week]{margin-bottom:0}.pure-form-aligned .pure-control-group label{margin-bottom:.3em;text-align:left;display:block;width:100%}.pure-form-aligned .pure-controls{margin:1.5em 0 0 0}.pure-form-message,.pure-form-message-inline{display:block;font-size:.75em;padding:.2em 0 .8em}}.pure-menu{box-sizing:border-box}.pure-menu-fixed{position:fixed;left:0;top:0;z-index:3}.pure-menu-item,.pure-menu-list{position:relative}.pure-menu-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.pure-menu-item{padding:0;margin:0;height:100%}.pure-menu-heading,.pure-menu-link{display:block;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.pure-menu-horizontal{width:100%;white-space:nowrap}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-list{display:inline-block}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-heading,.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-item,.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-separator{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.pure-menu-item .pure-menu-item{display:block}.pure-menu-children{display:none;position:absolute;left:100%;top:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:3}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-children{left:0;top:auto;width:inherit}.pure-menu-active>.pure-menu-children,.pure-menu-allow-hover:hover>.pure-menu-children{display:block;position:absolute}.pure-menu-has-children>.pure-menu-link:after{padding-left:.5em;content:"\25B8";font-size:small}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-has-children>.pure-menu-link:after{content:"\25BE"}.pure-menu-scrollable{overflow-y:scroll;overflow-x:hidden}.pure-menu-scrollable .pure-menu-list{display:block}.pure-menu-horizontal.pure-menu-scrollable .pure-menu-list{display:inline-block}.pure-menu-horizontal.pure-menu-scrollable{white-space:nowrap;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;padding:.5em 0}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-children .pure-menu-separator,.pure-menu-separator{background-color:#ccc;height:1px;margin:.3em 0}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-separator{width:1px;height:1.3em;margin:0 .3em}.pure-menu-horizontal .pure-menu-children .pure-menu-separator{display:block;width:auto}.pure-menu-heading{text-transform:uppercase;color:#565d64}.pure-menu-link{color:#777}.pure-menu-children{background-color:#fff}.pure-menu-heading,.pure-menu-link{padding:.5em 1em}.pure-menu-disabled{opacity:.5}.pure-menu-disabled .pure-menu-link:hover{background-color:transparent;cursor:default}.pure-menu-active>.pure-menu-link,.pure-menu-link:focus,.pure-menu-link:hover{background-color:#eee}.pure-menu-selected>.pure-menu-link,.pure-menu-selected>.pure-menu-link:visited{color:#000}.pure-table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;empty-cells:show;border:1px solid #cbcbcb}.pure-table caption{color:#000;font:italic 85%/1 arial,sans-serif;padding:1em 0;text-align:center}.pure-table td,.pure-table th{border-left:1px solid #cbcbcb;border-width:0 0 0 1px;font-size:inherit;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:.5em 1em}.pure-table thead{background-color:#e0e0e0;color:#000;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.pure-table td{background-color:transparent}.pure-table-odd td{background-color:#f2f2f2}.pure-table-striped tr:nth-child(2n-1) td{background-color:#f2f2f2}.pure-table-bordered td{border-bottom:1px solid #cbcbcb}.pure-table-bordered tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-bottom-width:0}.pure-table-horizontal td,.pure-table-horizontal th{border-width:0 0 1px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #cbcbcb}.pure-table-horizontal tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-bottom-width:0}
</style><style>
@font-face {
font-family: Cascadia;
src: url("/resources/CascadiaMonoPL.woff2");
}
body {
color: #444;
font-size: 1.2em;
}
.link {
text-decoration: none;
color: #1e90ff;
}
.link :visited {
color: #1e90ff;
}
table {
display: block;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
width: 60%;
text-align: left;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th {
padding: 0.25em 0.25em 0.25em 0.25em;
border: 2px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
td {
padding: 0.25em 0.25em 0.25em 0.25em;
border: 2px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
/* https://css-loaders.com/spinner/ */
/* HTML: <div class="loader"></div> */
.loading {
width: 512px;
padding: 8px;
aspect-ratio: 1;
border-radius: 50%;
background: #25b09b;
--_m:
conic-gradient(#0000 10%,#000),
linear-gradient(#000 0 0) content-box;
-webkit-mask: var(--_m);
mask: var(--_m);
-webkit-mask-composite: source-out;
mask-composite: subtract;
animation: l3 1s infinite linear;
}
@keyframes l3 {to{transform: rotate(1turn)}}
.centered {
display: block;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
justify-content: center;
width: 50%;
}
.pure-img-responsive { max-width: 100%; height: auto;
}
.cascadia {
font-family: Cascadia;
}
.home-menu {
padding: 0.5em;
text-align: center;
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0, 0.10);
}
.home-menu {
background: #333;
}
.home-menu a {
color: #ccc;
}
.home-menu li a:hover,
.home-menu li a:focus {
animation: menu-hover-anim 0.25s ease-out;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
background: none;
border: none;
}
.link {
color: #00f;
text-decoration: none;
}
.video {
text-align: center;
}
.video iframe {
width: 32em;
height: 18em;
frameborder: "0";
}
/*
Add transition to containers so they can push in and out.
*/
#layout,
#menu,
.menu-link {
-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-out;
-moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-out;
-ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-out;
-o-transition: all 0.2s ease-out;
transition: all 0.2s ease-out;
}
/*
This is the parent `<div>` that contains the menu and the content area.
*/
#layout {
position: relative;
left: 0;
padding-left: 0;
}
#layout.active #menu {
left: 150px;
width: 150px;
}
#layout.active .menu-link {
left: 150px;
}
/*
The content `<div>` is where all your content goes.
*/
.content {
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 2em;
max-width: 800px;
margin-bottom: 50px;
line-height: 1.6em;
text-align: justify;
}
header {
margin: 0;
color: #444;
text-align: center;
padding: 2.5em 4em 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
header h1 {
margin: 0.2em 0;
font-size: 2.5em;
font-weight: bold;
}
header h2 {
font-weight: 300;
color: #888;
padding: 0;
margin-top: 0;
}
.distinct {
background-color: #444;
color: #fff;
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
/* @keyframes card-hover-anim { */
/* to {background-color: #ccc;} */
/* } */
/* @keyframes card-text-hover-anim { */
/* to {color: #222;} */
/* } */
.spaced {
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;
}
svg {
width: 1em;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.card {
background-color: #eee;
text-decoration: none;
text-align: left;
}
.card h1 {
/* color: #444; */
}
.card h2 {
color: #777;
}
.card h3 {
color: #999;
}
/* .card a { */
/* text-decoration: none; */
/* display: block; */
/* } */
.card:hover {
animation: card-hover-anim 0.25s ease-out;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}
/* .card:hover h3 { */
/* animation: card-text-hover-anim 0.25s ease-out; */
/* animation-fill-mode: forwards; */
/* } */
.card img {
vertical-align: bottom;
float: right;
padding: 0em 0.1em 0em 0.1em;
width: 60px;
}
.card svg {
vertical-align: bottom;
float: right;
padding: 0em 0.1em 0em 0.1em;
width: 3em;
height: auto;
}
.content-subhead {
margin: 50px 0 20px 0;
font-weight: 300;
color: #444;
}
code {
font-family: Cascadia;
}
.code-block {
/* background-color: #fdf6e3; */
background-color: #eee;
color: #002b36;
font-family: Cascadia;
font-size: 0.85em;
padding: 0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;
margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;
page-break-inside: avoid;
display: block;
overflow: auto;
word-wrap: break-word;
max-width: 100%;
}
.code-block pre {
display: block;
margin: 0 0 0 0;
padding: 0 0 0 0;
}
.code-block pre code {
font-family: Cascadia;
display: block;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.code-block span {
/* background-color: #fdf6e3; */
background-color: #eee;
}
.keyword {
color: #6c71c4;
}
.constant {
color: #cb4b16;
}
.function {
color: #268bd2;
}
.operator {
color: #6c71c4;
}
.punctuation {
color: #586e75;
}
.string {
color: #859900;
}
.type {
color: #2aa198;
}
.property {
color: #586e75;
}
</style></head><body><div class="pure-g"><div class="pure-u-1-1"><header class="header"><h1> Forte <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/Xterminate1818/forte"><svg style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;" viewBox="0 0 128 128"><title> View source on GitHub </title><g fill="#181616"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="M64 5.103c-33.347 0-60.388 27.035-60.388 60.388 0 26.682 17.303 49.317 41.297 57.303 3.017.56 4.125-1.31 4.125-2.905 0-1.44-.056-6.197-.082-11.243-16.8 3.653-20.345-7.125-20.345-7.125-2.747-6.98-6.705-8.836-6.705-8.836-5.48-3.748.413-3.67.413-3.67 6.063.425 9.257 6.223 9.257 6.223 5.386 9.23 14.127 6.562 17.573 5.02.542-3.903 2.107-6.568 3.834-8.076-13.413-1.525-27.514-6.704-27.514-29.843 0-6.593 2.36-11.98 6.223-16.21-.628-1.52-2.695-7.662.584-15.98 0 0 5.07-1.623 16.61 6.19C53.7 35 58.867 34.327 64 34.304c5.13.023 10.3.694 15.127 2.033 11.526-7.813 16.59-6.19 16.59-6.19 3.287 8.317 1.22 14.46.593 15.98 3.872 4.23 6.215 9.617 6.215 16.21 0 23.194-14.127 28.3-27.574 29.796 2.167 1.874 4.097 5.55 4.097 11.183 0 8.08-.07 14.583-.07 16.572 0 1.607 1.088 3.49 4.148 2.897 23.98-7.994 41.263-30.622 41.263-57.294C124.388 32.14 97.35 5.104 64 5.104z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="M26.484 91.806c-.133.3-.605.39-1.035.185-.44-.196-.685-.605-.543-.906.13-.31.603-.395 1.04-.188.44.197.69.61.537.91zm2.446 2.729c-.287.267-.85.143-1.232-.28-.396-.42-.47-.983-.177-1.254.298-.266.844-.14 1.24.28.394.426.472.984.17 1.255zM31.312 98.012c-.37.258-.976.017-1.35-.52-.37-.538-.37-1.183.01-1.44.373-.258.97-.025 1.35.507.368.545.368 1.19-.01 1.452zm3.261 3.361c-.33.365-1.036.267-1.552-.23-.527-.487-.674-1.18-.343-1.544.336-.366 1.045-.264 1.564.23.527.486.686 1.18.333 1.543zm4.5 1.951c-.147.473-.825.688-1.51.486-.683-.207-1.13-.76-.99-1.238.14-.477.823-.7 1.512-.485.683.206 1.13.756.988 1.237zm4.943.361c.017.498-.563.91-1.28.92-.723.017-1.308-.387-1.315-.877 0-.503.568-.91 1.29-.924.717-.013 1.306.387 1.306.88zm4.598-.782c.086.485-.413.984-1.126 1.117-.7.13-1.35-.172-1.44-.653-.086-.498.422-.997 1.122-1.126.714-.123 1.354.17 1.444.663zm0 0"></path></g></svg></a></h1><h2> Programming Language - Hackathon </h2></header><div class="content"><h2 class="distinct"> Motivation </h2>
In February of 2024, I competed at RowdyHacks during the 9th
annual Hackathon. This was my second time attending, having
<a href="/projects/fractal-viewer" class="link">
placed second the previous year
</a>.
My understanding of programming and of Rust had grown significantly over
that time, and I wanted to one-up myself. I had just finished my Computer
Organization class, where we learned to program in x86 assembly. The class
made me realize that the design of an assembly language has a profound
impact on every higher level language built on-top of it. As a Rust
programmer who cares a great deal about safety and soundness guarantees, it
troubles me that I have to compile to an inherently unsafe assembly
language. I wanted to find out how feasible it would be to write a new
assembly language designed for easy static analysis and safety guarantees.
I am very satisfied with the result, which I named Forte.
<h2 class="distinct"> Specifications </h2><h3> Instructions </h3>
Forte is an assembly language and bytecode for a hypothetical 128-bit
processor. It contains 26 instructions, but no directly exposed registers.
<div class="pure-g"><table class="striped pure-u-1-2"><thead><th> Name </th><th> Mnemonic </th></thead><tbody><tr><td> Push </td><td> push </td></tr><tr><td> Pop </td><td> pop </td></tr><tr><td> Duplicate </td><td> dup </td></tr><tr><td> Add </td><td> add </td></tr><tr><td> Difference </td><td> diff </td></tr><tr><td> Multiply </td><td> mul </td></tr><tr><td> Divide </td><td> div </td></tr><tr><td> Remainder </td><td> rem </td></tr><tr><td> Bitwise And </td><td> and </td></tr><tr><td> Bitwise Or </td><td> or </td></tr><tr><td> Bitwise Xor </td><td> xor </td></tr><tr><td> Shift Right </td><td> shr </td></tr><tr><td> Shift Left </td><td> shl </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="striped pure-u-1-2"><thead><th> Name (cont.) </th><th> Mnemonic (cont.) </th></thead><tbody><tr><td> Branch Equal </td><td> beq </td></tr><tr><td> Branch Unequal </td><td> bne </td></tr><tr><td> Branch Greater </td><td> bgt </td></tr><tr><td> Branch Lesser </td><td> blt </td></tr><tr><td> Function Start </td><td> fun </td></tr><tr><td> Call </td><td> call </td></tr><tr><td> Return </td><td> ret </td></tr><tr><td> Loop </td><td> loop </td></tr><tr><td> Iterate Loop </td><td> iter </td></tr><tr><td> Begin Execution </td><td> exe </td></tr><tr><td> Store </td><td> sto </td></tr><tr><td> Load </td><td> lod </td></tr><tr><td> Stack Length </td><td> len </td></tr></tbody></table></div><h3> The Three Stacks </h3>
The stack is an essential part of any assembly language, however it is
often a point of vulnerability. Stack-smashing and stack-overflow
vulnerabilities can very easily allow attackers to overwright function
return addresses, and and execute arbitrary code. This is why Forte uses
three distinct stacks.
<h3> The Program Stack </h3>
The program stack, or p-stack for short, contains all of the state for the
user-space program. When you push or pop a value in Forte, you are
interacting with the p-stack. What's most interesting about the p-stack is
what it does not contain: pointers. There is no way to jump to an address
on the p-stack, as its contents are considered untrusted.
<h3> The Control Stack </h3>
In order to call functions, return addresses must be stored somewhere.
While most assembly languages place these on the stack alongside other
values, Forte segregates them into a separate control stack (c-stack for
short.) This is similar to the "shadow stack" option some compilers use,
except implemented at a hardware level. The only way to interact with the
c-stack is through call and return instructions.
<h3> The Function Stack </h3>
Most assembly languages have a "jump" instruction which moves the program
counter to an arbitrary point in memory. This is useful but not
particularly safe. Forte only allows jumping to valid functions. The
locations of these functions are kept in the function stack (f-stack.)
Functions are added to the f-stack after they are validated during the
warmup phase, which I will discuss next.
<h3> Warmup </h3>
When a Forte program begins, it does not immediately start executing
instructions. Instead, it validates the programs correctness and builds
the f-stack. Every <code>fun</code> (function start) instruction will
push the address of that instruction to the f-stack. Every instruction that
interacts with the stack will increment or decrement an internal register
accordingly. If this value value falls below zero or above the maximum
stack size, then the program is determined to be unsafe and execution
is cancelled before it begins. The warmup phase will take O(N) time,
where N is the number of instructions.
<h3> Recital </h3>
After the <code>exe</code> (begin execution) instruction is reached, the
Recital phase begins. The function pointer returns to the address at the
top of the f-stack, which was the last defined function. When the program
counter reaches the <code>exe</code> again, the program has terminated
successfully. This combination of design decisions means that the program
counter can never be lower than the first function address, or larger than
the execution instruction. This makes arbitrary code execution attacks more
difficult to pull off.
<h2 class="distinct"> Safety </h2>
Creating a memory safe assembly language presents much different challenges
from a compiled language like Rust. There are no compile-time checks or
guarantees, any string of bytes could be interpreted as a "program." The
core design principle of Forte is to make unsecure programs impossible (or
at least very difficult) to express, and to make static analysis simple.
This is a delicate balance to strike - limiting Forte's capabilities
necessarily makes it more cumbersome and less performant. I believe we are
at a point in history where making this trade-off is the right move. Modern
processors are unbelievably fast, security concerns far outweigh
performance concerns in most use cases. Writing machine assembly by hand is
far less common today, and so the ergonomics of an assembly language are
also less of a concern.
<h2 class="distinct"> Limitations </h2>
Forte is the first programming language I've written, and it was hacked
together in less than 24 hours. It is certainly not production ready, and
not every feature is implemented yet. Other features are technically functional,
but exist as mostly placeholders for when I can find a better way to implement them.
<br/><br/>
Evaluating branching and looping code during the Warmup is very difficult to achieve.
I very quickly run into the
<a class="link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem">
Halting Problem</a>,
and feasibility limits where I to try and implement this sort of algorithm on real
hardware. Solutions I've considered are requiring code branches to have the same net effect
on stack size, forcing branches to execute another function rather than exist inline, replacing
loops with some form of recursion, or outright removing branches and loops altogether. Without
solving this problem, it is impossible to make the Warmup phase do its job, and so it is mostly
vestigial. As of now, Forte is only really capable of simple linear programs.
<h2 class="distinct"> Try it Out </h2></div></div></div></body></html>